١- Ahmed, Leila (1992): Women and Gender in Islam. Book Crafters, Inc. Yale University Press. p. 146

٢- Ibid. p. 140

٣- Ibid. P. 138

٤- Ibid. P. 145

٥- Ibid. p. 155

٦- Ibid. pp. 156-7

٧- Ibid. pp. 159 , 161-2

٨- Philip, Thomas. Feminist and National Politics in Egypt in "Women in the Muslim World", ed. Beck, Lois and Nikki Keddi (1978): Cambridge: Harvard University Press.pp. 277-294

٩- Ahmed, Leila (1992): Women and Gender in Islam. Book Crafters, Inc. Yale University Press. pp. 163, 147

١٠- Ibid. p.131

١١- Ibid. pp. 132-3

١٢- Ibid. p.137

١٣- Ibid. p. 141

١٤- Badran, Margot.(1986): The Memoris of an Egyptian Feminist. Virago Press. London. pp. 173-9

١٥- Philip, Thomas. Feminist and National Politics in Egypt, in "Women in the Muslim World", ed. Beck, Lois and Nikki Keddi (1978): Cambridge: Harvard University Press.pp. 210-215

١٦- Badran, Margot.(1986): The Memoris of an Egyptian Feminist. Virago Press. London. pp. 192-196

١٧- Ahmed, Leila (1992): Women and Gender in Islam. Book Crafters, Inc. Yale University Press. pp. 170-1

١٨- Ibid. p.176

and 

Badran, Margot.(1986): The Memoris of an Egyptian Feminist. Virago Press. London. p. 201

١٩- Ahmed, Leila (1992): Women and Gender in Islam. Book Crafters, Inc. Yale University Press. p. 174

٢٠- Ibid. pp. 202-3

and

Cynthia Nelson, On Interpreting Doria Shafik, p. 114

٢١- Philip, Thomas. Feminist and National Politics in Egypt, in "Women in the Muslim World", ed. Beck, Lois and Nikki Keddi (1978): Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p.141



٢٢- Ahmed, Leila (1992): Women and Gender in Islam. Book Crafters, Inc. Yale University Press. p. 193

٢٣- Ajami, Fouad. The Arab Predicament. Cambridge University press. 1993. Cambridge.pp.33-5



٢٤- Philip, Thomas. Feminist and National Politics in Egypt, in "Women in the Muslim World", ed. Beck, Lois and Nikki Keddi (1978): Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 135-7

٢٥- Cynthia Nelson, On Interpreting Doria Shafik, p. 78

٢٦- Ahmed, Leila (1992): Women and Gender in Islam. Book Crafters, Inc. Yale University Press. pp.197-201



٢٧- Women's Emancipation in Tunisia. Mark A. Tessler with Janet Rogers and Daniel Schneider. Virago Press. London. 1976. pp. 97-105

٢٨- Ibid. p. 141

٢٩- Beck, Lois and Nikki Keddi (ed.)(1978): Women in the Muslim World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 215-32

٣٠- Ibid. pp. 228-31

٣١- منصور حکمت، بسوى سوسياليسم شماره ٣، مهر ١٣٦٨، ص ١٦-١٤٣٢- Ajami, Fouad. The Arab Predicament. Cambridge University press. 1993. Cambridge. pp.34-6

٣٣- Ibid. pp. 36-7, 45-6

٣٤- Ibid. pp. 37-45

٣٥- فرانتس فانون، نفرين شدگان زمين، انتشارات پنگوئن، تهران ١٣٦٦

٣٦- على شريعتى، "زن"؛ مجموعه سخنرانيها، انتشارات چاپخش، تهران بهار ١٣٧٥، ص ٩٥-٩٠

٣٧- El Saadawi, N. (1980): The Hidden Face of Eve: Women in the Arab World. London: Zed Press. p.206

٣٨- Ibid. pp. 169, 82-3



٣٩- Mernissi, Fatima. (1975): Beyond the Veil. Schenkman Publishing. Cambridge, Cambridge, Massachuset.

٤٠- براى آشنايى بيشتر با اين نظريه ها رجوع کنيد به:

Amin, S. (1976): Unequal Development:An Essay on the Social Formation

of Peripheral Capitalism. Hasscks: Harvester.

and

Baran,P. (1975): The Political Economy of Growth. New York: Monthly ReviewPress.

and

Frank, A.G. (1969): Latin America: Underdevelopment or Revolutin? New York &London. Monthly Review Press.

٤١- منصور حکمت، مصاحبه با همبستگى شماره ٨٨، مه ٢٠٠٠

٤٢- همانجا٤٣- Ajami, Fouad. The Arab Predicament. Cambridge University press. 1993. Cambridge.pp. 72-5

٤٤- David Robertson, Dictionary of Politics. The Penguin Books, London. 1993 

٤٥- Burgat, Francois (1993). The Islamic Movement in North Africa. Tran William Dowell. Austin: University of Texas, Center for Middle Eastern Studies.

٤٦- Ibid.

٤٧- Women and Law in Sudan, Women and Law Project. April 1999. UK

٤٨- منصور حکمت، مصاحبه با همبستگى، اسلام و فرهنگ اسلامى، همبستگى ٨٧، مارس ٢٠٠٠٤٩- Ajami, Fouad. The Arab Predicament. Cambridge University press. 1993. Cambridge. pp.62-76

٥٠- نوال سعداوى، مصاحبه با اعظم کم گويان، مدوسا ٥، بهار ٢٠٠٠ ٥١- El Saadawi, N. (1980): The Hidden Face of Eve: Women in the Arab World. London: Zed Press. pp.134-140

٥٢- Ahmed, Leila (1992): Women and Gender in Islam. Book Crafters, Inc. Yale University Press. pp. 225-6

٥٣- Ibid. pp. 223-4

٥٤- Ibid. pp. 229-30

٥٥- Ibid. pp. 128-9

٥٦- Ibid. pp. 225-6

٥٧- براى آشنايى بيشتر با نظريه هاى پست مدرنيستى رجوع کنيد به:

S. Best & D. Kellner, Postmodern Theory. MacMillan, London, 1991

٥٨- Ibid. pp. 43-52

٥٩- نجم آبادى، افسانه. "سالهاى عسرت، سالهاى رويش". کنکاش شماره ١٢، پائيز ١٣٧٤.

و نجم آبادى، افسانه. "فمينيسم و مذهب"، فصلنامه آرش، اوت - سپتامبر ١٩٩٨، ص ٤٦. ٦٠- J. Esposito, The islamic Threat: Myth or Reality? Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press,(1992)

٦١- Mazrui, Ali(1993): "Islam and the End of History". American Journal of Islamic Social Science 10(4): pp. 512-35

٦٢- Burgat, Francois (1993). The Islamic Movement in North Africa. Tran William Dowell. Austin: University of Texas, Center for Middle Eastern Studies. pp. 217-28

٦٣- Afshar, Halleh(1985): Women, Work and Ideology in the Third World. London: Tovixtock.pp. 218-20

٦٤-Ibid. 

٦٥- Al Masseri, Abdulwahab.1994. "The Imperialist Epistemological Vision" American Journal of Islamic Social Scientists 11(3): pp. 403-15

٦٦- Ahmed, Leila (1992): Women and Gender in Islam. Book Crafters, Inc. Yale University Press. pp.128-9

٦٧- El Saadawi, N. (1980): The Hidden Face of Eve: Women in the Arab World.London: Zed Press. pp. 81-3

٦٨- Women's Emancipation in Tunisia. Mark A. Tessler with Janet Rogers and Daniel Schneider. Virago Press. London. 1976. pp. 97-105

٦٩- Goodwin, Jan(1994): Price of Honour. Little Brown Publication. England.

٧٠- El Saadawi, N. (1980): The Hidden Face of Eve: Women in the Arab World.London: Zed Press. pp. 81-3

٧١- Conference of Arab Women, Kuwait. Arab Report and Record, 11(1972):p. 31

٧٢- خبرگزارى آسوشيتدپرس، فوريه ٢٠٠٠

٧٣- خبرگزارى آسوشيتدپرس، مارس ٢٠٠٠

٧٤- خبرگزارى آسوشيتدپرس، آوريل ٢٠٠٠

٧٥- عربيک نيوز، فوريه ٢٠٠٠، و روزنامه قاهره تايمز ژوئيه ٢٠٠٠

٧٦- خبرگزارى رويتر ٤ نوامبر ٢٠٠٠

٧٧- خبرگزارى آسوشيتدپرس، سپتامبر ٢٠٠٠

٧٨- خبرگزارى رويتر، سپتامبر ٢٠٠٠٧٩- El Saadawi, N. (1980): The Hidden Face of Eve: Women in the Arab World.London: Zed Press. pp. 81-3

٨٠- آسوشيتدپرس، فوريه، مارس و ژوئن ٢٠٠٠

٨١- بى بى سى، کنفرانس در باره سکس در خاورميانه، ٢٦ ژوئن ٢٠٠٠

٨٢- يک دنياى بهتر، برنامه کمونيسم کارگرى، انتشارات حزب کمونيست کارگرى ايران ، مارس ١٩٩٥